A L P H A B E T

P H O N E M E S

CONSONANT GRAPHEMES

b same like in English voiced bilabial plosive [b] [b]
c same like the ‚z‘ in Italian ‚pizza‘ voiceless alveolar affricate [ts] [ts]
d same like in English voiced alveolar plosive [d] [d]
f same like in English voiceless labiodental fricative [f] [f]
g same like the ‚g‘ in English ‚grace‘ voiced velar plosive [g] [g]
ð same like the ‚y‘ in English ‚yes‘ voiced palatal approximant [j] [j]
h same like the ‚h‘ in Czech ‚hrad‘ voiced glottal fricative [h<?>] [h\]
j same like the ‚y‘ in English ‚yes‘ voiced palatal approximant [j] [j]
k without aspiration voiceless velar plosive [k] [k]
l as in English word ‚leader‘ voiced alveolar lateral approximant [l] [l]
m same like in English voiced bilabial nasal [m] [m]
n same like in English voiced alveolar nasal [n] [n]
p without aspiration voiceless bilabial plosive [p] [p]
q as in Persian word ‚rowqan‘ voiced velar fricative [Q] [G]
r same like in Latin (more energetically) voiced alveolar trill [r<trl>] [r]
s same like the ‚s‘ in English ‚sea‘ voiceless alveolar fricative [s] [s]
š same like the ‚sh‘ in English ‚shield‘ voiceless postalveolar fricative [S] [S]
t without aspiration voiceless alveolar plosive [t] [t]
v same like in English voiced labiodental fricative [v] [v]
w same like the ‚b‘ in Spanish ‚libro‘ voiced bilabial fricative [B] [B]
x same like the ‚j‘ in Spanish or ‚ch‘ in Czech voiceless velar fricative [x] [x]
z same like in English voiced alveolar fricative [z] [z]

The letter ‚h‘ is voiceless before any voiceless consonant and in final position.
When precedes a voiced consonant or between vowels it should be pronounced as voiced Czech "h" in "hrad",
phonetically [h<?>] or [h\] - a voiced glottal fricative.

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B A C K